METECA
Sardegna: Le Voci della Tradizione
Sardinia: The Voices of Tradition
Volume 1
Sardinia: The Voices of Tradition – Marco Lutzu
This website and the CD-book offers a first selection of the recordings made for the METECA Project. The thirty tracks on the record focus on oral traditional music, favouring musical expressions historically rooted in the island and perceived by the Sardinians as a collective heritage of a community, a specific geographical area, of the entire Sardinia.
From Campidano to the northern coasts of Gallura, from Montiferru to Baronia, this musical journey crosses big and small towns located throughout the region. Because in Sardinia a journey to the discovery of the expressive potentialities of the human voice is also, necessarily, a journey through its territories. In fact, no same “pansardinian” music can be found throughout the entire island. Each type of song, each vocal style characterizes a specific place from the sound point of view. In some cases, these are large areas, as for the “Cantu in Re” (track 7), widespread in most of central-northern Sardinia.
Other times, as in the case of the four-part male polyphony, it is different in every town for which the singers are deemed as the only faithful performers. For example, the difference between the “a tenore” sung dance in the style of Dorgali (track 30) and that of Urzulei (track 18), or even the different amalgam of the voices in the profane repertoire of the Santu Lussurgiu singers (track 3) and of those from Aggius (track 9). But even in musical practices spread all over the island, like lullabies, it is easy to notice differences in the voice melodies, in how the voice is decorated, in the sound that the different linguistic varieties produce, for example, descending from Barbagia (track 1) to Campidano (track 19).
Listening to the record, the different modes of execution with which human voice is used in singing in Sardinia emerge in all their richness. Monodic singing, without accompanying instrument, is generally a female expressive mode used in songs for children, like lullabies, the “a ninnias”, the songs called “duru duru”, as well as to sing the “mutetus”, that are short poetic compositions with a bipartite form that used to be performed during work or on other occasions and often had love themes (tracks 17 and 27).
There are genres in which the solo voice is supported by one or more musical instruments. In this case, both women and men sing. Some of these songs are performed in Northern Sardinia during the cantu a chiterra contest, public performances held in the summer season on the occasion of celebrations in honour of Saints. In these contests, the cantadores show off their vocal talents by creating their own richly ornate melodies that can be traced back to different types of singing, like in “Cantu in Re“ (track 7) or the “Nuoresa” (track 23). Sweeter than the current style are the a s’antiga interpretations (track 4) and those of women (track 12).
Other types of singing in southern Sardinia like the “cantzonis” or the “gòcius” (tracks 14 and 21) can be accompanied by both the guitar and the launeddas, a cane triple “clarinet”, one of the island’s millennial symbols. But Sardinia is known above all for male multipart singing. Sung by four (and in some cases by five) male singers, each of whom is entrusted with a different vocal part, this musical practice takes place mostly in the central-northern area.
In every village in which it is diffused, it is distinguished by the secular and religious repertoire, and by different timbral peculiarities.
The most obvious distinction is the one between the chest voice that, for example, located in Santu Lussurgiu, Aggius, Tempio and Castelsardo, and the guttural voice that characterizes the singing in Nuoro, Bolotana and Dorgali. In a few villages like Bortigali both techniques are used, the first for religious singing (track 22) and the second for the secular one (track 5).
In Sardinia, devotion is expressed in different languages.There are genres, or specific songs that still use Latin, the official language of the Church, like in the case of Eram quasi of Castelsardo (track 20) or the Miserere di Santu Lussurgiu (track 11), performed during the Holy Week rites.
Sardinian language can be used in its different variants: the Gallurese, as in Lamentu di Maria di Tempio (track 27), or the Campidanese one, as in Dromi fill’e coru (track 13), the Logudorese, as in the Otava trista di Bortigali (track 22).
To these we add the Greek, with which Kyrie the first chant of the Mass, is performed by members of the local Arciconfraternita in Nulvi, in northern Sardinia (track 16), or accompanied by the launeddas in the south, in Sanluri (track 26).
METECA
Sardegna: Le Voci della Tradizione
Sardinia: The Voices of Tradition
Volume 2
From Tàjrà to METECA, A Retrospective Look – Gianluca Dessì
Twenty years ago, just as we were celebrating the transition between two centuries (and albeit between two millennia), musical tradition merged with modern sounds, and the popular music of the southern and eastern countries of the world with all its contaminations with jazz, rock and electronics was in its heyday: let us just recall the explosion of Ali Farka Touré’s desert blues and the invasion of Balkan fanfares, as well as the great commercial success of the incredible but also clever record/film, Buena Vista Social Club. The best record shops had shelves dedicated to world music with all possible subgenres, from Latin to Celtic, from Balkan to flamenco and many others, something that is unthinkable today, while in Italy the bands that mixed tradition with sounds coming from Bristol or Manchester or with urban funk enjoyed great success.
And what about Sardinia? No important generational change happened on the island. The groups that dominated the scene were still the same as those who had been performing since the folk revival of the late 1970s: Elena Ledda, already a front woman with the Suonofficina, Cordas et Cannas, the Càlic from Alghero and the Argia. Indeed, a number of important endorsements by the likes of Frank Zappa and Peter Gabriel led to the development of a “global” interest for tradition, canto a tenore, launeddas and the accordion. Inspired by the ethnomusicological compilation Les voix du monde, put together by Hugo Zemp and Bernard Lortat-Jacob, two eminent ethnomusicologists from Switzerland and France respectively, a team of enthusiastic experts decided to try and carry out a similar operation in Sardinia, a land that offers a great variety of absolutely unique emergent musical forms and behaviours.
The Tàjrà project originated from research and field recordings with the publication in 1999-2000, of two CDs: La voce creativa and Canto della Memoria.
The name of the cultural association Tàjrà has its origins in that very project, recalling some whimsicalities, onomatopoeias and nonsense syllables cited by the authoritative scholar Spano in his Ortografia sarda nazionale (Cagliari, 1840). Likewise, METECA, the title of the current project, is the result of a syncretism that means “Teca of the Mediterranean”, without forgetting that in ancient Greece a metic was a foreigner obliged to purchase one of the first residence permits to live in Athens: Aristotle and Herodotus were just two of the many famous metics. The research team includes the musicians Sandro Fresi, Claudio Gabriel Sanna and Luca Nulchis, three Sardinian music experts. The selection of the performers, the choice of the pieces and the field recordings, which the researchers made specifically for the occasion, represent the first great merit of this work, which proves to be a survey on the state of the art of traditional music and the reworking of the tradition itself at the turn of the two centuries.
The general coordination of the project is entrusted to Gianni Menicucci, musician, record producer and cultural operator, who, twenty years on, possessed the will and determination to give new light and visibility to these recordings. These are the two CD-books entitled METECA, published in 2019 and 2020 with a different editorial format and a different criterion for the order of the songs compared to the original edition: a first volume dedicated to more traditional expressions, the so-called “Living Tradition”, and a second volume in which tradition is mixed and contaminated with the sounds of other countries and with more contemporary musical forms, the “Traditional Arranged”. This second CD-book presents a series of tracks and artists (soloists and bands) who intervene on tradition in a creative way, approaching it with a gaze that brings together performer, composer and scholar.
The playlist covers almost all the areas of Sardinia and the performers belong more to the world music scene than to that of tradition. There is no shortage of famous names, such as the singer Clara Murtas, former lead voice in that wonderful venture called Canzoniere del Lazio, or the Càlic from Alghero, who historically can be ascribed to both phases of the reworking, the revived music of the 1980s and the dawning of Mediterranean world music; then Mario Brai from Carloforte with his Mediterranean sound; Sandro Fresi from Gallura with his Iskeliu; the percussionist-singer Alberto Cabiddu, former member of the legendary Suonofficina and present here on numerous tracks as soloist and percussionist. And again, extremely modern-day artists such as the Balentes, certainly also known for their pop smash hit, but who here take on a majestic song that evokes Sa Battalla di Sanluri; Rossella Faa who, accompanied by the pianist Luca Nulchis, performs an Ave Maria from her town of Masullas; the choral ensembles, with the daring experiments of the “Su Veranu” choir from Fonni and the “Maria Teresa Cau” choir with mixed voices from Ozieri. And a foreigner from closeby, the Corsican musician Ghjuvan Ghjacumu Andreani da Ulmetu, founder of one of the historic ensembles of the Corsican revival, the Caramusa.
When listening to this second album on which all the tracks are sung, one is immediately struck by the variety of the material: polyphony, male and female voices, instrumental vocal ensembles, always strictly acoustic. Various repertoires: sacred and paraliturgical songs, archaic ballads, songs from the Campidano area and even a disispirata, as well as a good number of lullabies and nursery rhymes, with the first-rate contribution of Emanuele Garau, also a musician and researcher.
And a babel of languages: Barbaricino, Logudorese, Campidanese, Tabarchino, Vincenzo Murino’s Gallurese, Isulanu with Valentino Tamponi, Corsican, Catalan and Algherese with the Mens Rea group here in a rare acoustic version. Of course, it would be a useful exercise to try to understand how the Sardinian music scene has evolved twenty years after that first piece of research: which genres, artists, new forms of enjoyment have taken the place of those of the past. It would be interesting to be able to repeat the experiment, a sort of third volume or update of the work, to compare, weigh up and verify what has happened in the meantime, as regards tradition, world music, ethno-pop and even certain art or singer-songwriter songs sung in Sardinian variants. It would be equally important to understand what policies are being and will be implemented by the regional institutions to spread local musical expressions in Sardinia and abroad, also in the light of important experiences in other areas of Italy and Europe where widespread and effective diffusion policies have been experimented and put into action, including Catalan Art, Puglia Sounds and the Dastum Breton circuit.
The institutional presence of the Sardinian Region at the annual Mediterranean and international musical fairs, such as Babel Med, Visa for Music, Womex or Atlantic Music Expo, is something that would be much welcomed, a presence till now entrusted only to individual operators. This would give proper visibility to the movement of musicians and bands, promoters, record companies and operators in the sector and could generate a qualitative leap and, in the medium term, create opportunities and jobs.
As always happens, operational effectiveness is measured in the relationship between available resources and the results obtained: whether this retrospective will serve to historicise a moment of ethnomusical research and, at the same time, lay the foundations for future reasoning on what the relationship between Sardinia and its musical and artistic expressions is and how it should be rethought, the METECA collection will in any case be a point of reference for all that the future may bring.